PARTICIPLES ( SIFAT-FİİL )
There are three types of participles: present participle, past participle ve perfect participle
1. Present participle
Öznesi aynı olan iki ayrı cümle and ( ve ) ile birleştirilebildiği gibi present participle ile de birleştirilebilir. Bu iki ayrı cümlede bahsedilen işler aynı anda meydana geliyorsa, present participle birleşik cümlede asıl fiilden önce de sonra da gelebilir.
They went to school. They talked to each other.
They went to school talking to each other.
Talking to each other, they went to school. Birbirleriyle konuşarak okula gittiler.
The woman washed the dishes and listened to the radio.
The woman washed the dishes, listening to the radio.
Listening to the radio the woman washed the dishes. Kadın radyo dinleyerek bulaşıkları yıkadı.
Aynı öznenin yaptığı işlerden biri diğerinden hemen sonra yapıldığında ilk yapılan iş present participle ile ifade edilebilir. Bu durumda present participle başa getirilir.
She opened her handbag and took out a mirror.
Opening her handbag, she took out a mirror. Çantasını açarak bir ayna çıkardı.
I bought a ticket and started to run towards the bus.
Buying a ticket I started to run towards the bus. Bir bilet satın alıp otobüse doğru koşmaya başladım.
After, before ve since ( ...den beri ) bağlaçlarıyla kurulan cümlelerde özne kaldırılarak present participle kullanılabilir.
After I have breakfast, I read the newspaper.
After having breakfast, I read the newspaper. Kahvaltı ettikten sonra gazeteyi okurum.
Before I left the house I wrote a note for my mother.
Before leaving the house I wrote a note for my mother. Evden ayrılmadan önce anneme bir not yazdım.
Since I talked to him I have been upset.
Since talking to him I have been upset. Onunla konuştuğumdan beri moralim bozuk.
Present participle kullanıldığı zaman when ve while bağlaçları yerine on veya in de kullanılabilir.
When she heard the news, she started to cry.
On hearing the news, she started to cry. Haberi duyunca ağlamaya başladı.
While he was trying to change the light bulb, he fell down.
On trying to change the light bulb, he fell down. Ampülü değiştirmeye çalışırken düştü.
Though, although, while ( ...e rağmen ), if, unless gibi bağlaçlardan sonra da özne kaldırılarak present participle kullanılabilir.
Because, as ve since ( dığı için ) bağlaçları ile present participle kullanıldığında bu bağlaçlar kaldırılır.
Because he needed the car, he was unwilling to lend it to me.
Needing the car, he was unwilling to lend it to me. Arabaya ihtiyaç duyduğu için onu bana ödünç vermeye istekli değildi.
As he was old he wasn't able to catch up with us.
Being old, he wasn't able to catch up with us. Yaşlı olduğu için bize yetişemiyordu.
Present participle kullanıldığında normalde present participle'ın bulunduğu kısımda özne kullanılmaz. Cümlenin diğer kısmında özne aynı zamanda present participle'ın da öznesidir.
Ancak bazı durumlarda özneleri ayrı olan cümleler de present participle kullanılarak birleştirilir. Bu durumda ise present participle'dan önce özne kullanılır.
One of the man being lame, they had to walk slowly. Adamların biri topal olduğu için yavaş yürümek zorundaydılar.
The car moved slowly, its exhaust-pipe touching the ground. Araba yavaşça ilerledi, egzos borusu yere değiyordu.
To be fiili ( am / is / are / was / were ) yerine present participle kullanıldığında being getirilir.
As I was ill, I couldn't play football yesterday.
Being ill, I couldn't play football yesterday. hasta olduğum için dün futbol oynayamadım.
Daha önce relative clause'ları anlatırken nitelenen ismin kendisini niteleyen cümlenin nesnesi olduğu durumlarda who(m), that ve which'in kaldırılabileceğini söylemiştik.
Nitelenen ismin, kendiini niteleyen cümlenin öznesi olduğu durumlarda da bazen who, that ve which kaldırılabilir. Bu durumlara hiçbir yardıncı fiil ullanılmaz ve fiil-ing'li haliyle kullanılır. Bu durumlar şunlardır.
a ) Fiil continuous tense'lerden birindeyse;
The man who is standing next to the door is the manager.
The man standing next to the door is a manager. Kapının önünde duran adam yöneticidir.
The men who were following me wanted to kidnap me.
The men following me wanted to kidnap me. Beni takip eden adamlar beni kaçırmak istiyorlardı.
b) Fiil bir alışkanlık, süreklilik veya genellik anlatıyorsa;
People who live in this town are very hospitable.
People living in this town are very hospitable. Bu kasabada yaşayan insanlar çok misafirperverdir.
Women who work in industry are paid less than men.
Women working in industry are paid less than men. Sanayide çalışan kadınlara erkeklerden daha az para ödenir.
c) Cümlenin relative clause kısmında want, wish, desire ve hope fiilleri kullanılıyorsa;
People who wish to see the president should be here at 9.30
People wishing to see the president should be here at 9.30. Başkanı görmek isteyenler saat 9.30'da burada olmalıdırlar.
2. Past Participle
The man was arrested by the police and he was put to prison.
Arrested by the police, the man was put to prison. Polis tarafından tutuklanan adam hapse atıldı.
The boy left the scene. He was dragged by his mother.
The boy left the scene, dragged by his mother. Çocuk annesi tarafından çekilerek sahneden ayrıldı.
Although he is liked by everybody, he is not happy.
Although liked by everybody, he is not happy. Herkes tarafından sevilmesine rağmen mutlu değil.
Past participle yine present participle gibi relative clause'larda kullanılır. Ancak past participle passive olan relative clause'larda kullanılır ve relative pronoun ( who, which, that ) ve be fiili ( am / is /are / was /were ) perfect tenselerde ise, have /has / had ve been kaldırılır.
The photographs that were taken by my father were very nice.
The photographs taken by my father were very nice. Babam tarafından çekilen fotoğraflar çok güzeldi.
The computers which are used in our school are the latest models.
The computers used in our school are the latest models. Okulumuzda kullanılan bilgisayarlar en son modellerdir.
The men who have been arrested by the police are still being questioned.
The men arrested by the police are still being questioned. Polis tarafından tutuklanan adamlar hala sorgulanıyor.
3. Perfect Participle
Perfect participle'lar active ve passive perfect participle olmak üzere ikiye ayrılırlar.
Active perfect participle yapı olarak having ve fiilin üçüncü halidir.
Passive perfect participle yapı olarak having been ve fiilin üçüncü halidir.
Perfect participle'lar fiillerden biri diğerinden daha önce olduğunda present participle ve past participle yerine kullanılabilir, ancak bu durumlarda perfect participle kullanmak şart değildir. Aşağıdaki cümleler her iki şekilde de kullanılabilir.
Opening her handbag, she took out a mirror.
Having opened her handbag, she took out mirror. Çantasını açarak bir ayna çıkardı.
Arrested by the police, the man was put to prison.
Having been arrested by the police, the man was put to prison. Polis tarafından tutuklanan adam hapse atıldı.
Ancak bir yanlış anlama olabilecekse veya iki fiil arasında uzun bir zamana aralığı varsa perfect participle kullanılması gereklidir.
Putting on his clothes, he ran to the bus stop. Elbiselerini giyerek otobüs durağına koştu.
Bu cümleden adamın koşarken elbiselerini giydiği de anlaşılabilir, bu yüzden burada perfect participle kullanılması gerekir.
Having put on his clothes, he ran to the bus stop.
Having lost his wife during the war, he married again. Karısını savaşta kaybettikten sonra yeniden evlendi.
Having been cheated by the salesman he didn't go to that store again. Satıcı tarafından aldatıldığı için bir daha o dükkana gitmedi.
25 Nisan 2010 Pazar
7 Nisan 2010 Çarşamba
Useful websites to study noun clause
http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg1_nounclauses1.html
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/nounclausequiz.html
http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg1_adverbnounclauses1.html
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/nounclause3.html
http://www.learn4good.com/languages/evrd_grammar/quantifier.htm
(with some useful explanation)
http://www.english-zone.com/grammar/noun-clz1.html
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/nounclausequiz.html
http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg1_adverbnounclauses1.html
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/nounclause3.html
http://www.learn4good.com/languages/evrd_grammar/quantifier.htm
(with some useful explanation)
http://www.english-zone.com/grammar/noun-clz1.html
29 Mart 2010 Pazartesi
Noun Clause
Noun Clauses
See The Sentence for definitions of sentence, clause, and dependent clause.
A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.
A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)
There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)
This page contains information about noun clauses. Also see Adjective Clauses and Adverb Clauses.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:
A noun clause can be a subject of a verb:
What Billy did shocked his friends.
A noun clause can be an object of a verb:
Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.
A noun clause can be a subject complement:
Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.
A noun clause can be an object of a preposition:
Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.
A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:
Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B. You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause:
To change a statement to a noun clause use that:
I know + Billy made a mistake =
I know that Billy made a mistake.
To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether:
George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? =
George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.
To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word:
I don’t know + Where is George? =
I don’t know where George is.
C. The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause markers:
that
if, whether
Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why
Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
D. Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence:
correct:
Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.
correct:
Billy’s friends didn’t know he couldn’t swim.
correct:
Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.
correct:
Billy’s mistake was he refused to take lessons.
correct:
That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.
not correct:
* Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
E. Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question:
not correct:
* Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it)
correct:
Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is)
not correct:
* Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go)
correct:
Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
F. Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses:
When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun clause is:
future if its action/state is later
He thinks that the exam next week will be hard.
He thinks that the exam next week is going to be hard.
present if its action/state is at the same time
He thinks that Mary is taking the exam right now.
past if its action/state is earlier
He thinks that George took the exam yesterday.
When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun clause is:
was/were going to or would + BASE if its action/state is later
He thought that the exam the following week was going to be hard.
He thought that the exam the following week would be hard.
past if its action/state is at the same time
He thought that Mary was taking the exam then.
past perfect if its action/state is earlier
He thought that George had taken the exam the day before.
If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer has written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is past.
The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday.
If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past.
We learned that English is not easy.
The boys knew that the sun rises in the east.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
G. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and one independent clause:
Noun clauses as subjects of verbs:
That George learned how to swim is a miracle.
Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.
What Mary said confused her parents.
However you learn to spell is OK with me.
Noun clauses as objects of verbs:
We didn’t know that Billy would jump.
We didn’t know Billy would jump.
Can you tell me if Fred is here?
I don’t know where he is.
George eats whatever is on his plate.
Noun clauses as subject complements:
The truth is that Billy was not very smart.
The truth is Billy was not very smart.
The question is whether other boys will try the same thing.
The winner will be whoever runs fastest.
Noun clauses as objects of prepositions:
Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said.
He wants to learn about whatever is interesting.
Noun clauses as adjective complements:
He is happy that he is learning English.
We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult.
http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23
See The Sentence for definitions of sentence, clause, and dependent clause.
A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.
A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)
There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)
This page contains information about noun clauses. Also see Adjective Clauses and Adverb Clauses.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:
A noun clause can be a subject of a verb:
What Billy did shocked his friends.
A noun clause can be an object of a verb:
Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.
A noun clause can be a subject complement:
Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.
A noun clause can be an object of a preposition:
Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.
A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:
Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B. You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause:
To change a statement to a noun clause use that:
I know + Billy made a mistake =
I know that Billy made a mistake.
To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether:
George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? =
George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.
To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word:
I don’t know + Where is George? =
I don’t know where George is.
C. The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause markers:
that
if, whether
Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why
Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
D. Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence:
correct:
Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.
correct:
Billy’s friends didn’t know he couldn’t swim.
correct:
Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.
correct:
Billy’s mistake was he refused to take lessons.
correct:
That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.
not correct:
* Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
E. Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question:
not correct:
* Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it)
correct:
Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is)
not correct:
* Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go)
correct:
Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
F. Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses:
When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun clause is:
future if its action/state is later
He thinks that the exam next week will be hard.
He thinks that the exam next week is going to be hard.
present if its action/state is at the same time
He thinks that Mary is taking the exam right now.
past if its action/state is earlier
He thinks that George took the exam yesterday.
When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun clause is:
was/were going to or would + BASE if its action/state is later
He thought that the exam the following week was going to be hard.
He thought that the exam the following week would be hard.
past if its action/state is at the same time
He thought that Mary was taking the exam then.
past perfect if its action/state is earlier
He thought that George had taken the exam the day before.
If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer has written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is past.
The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday.
If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past.
We learned that English is not easy.
The boys knew that the sun rises in the east.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
G. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and one independent clause:
Noun clauses as subjects of verbs:
That George learned how to swim is a miracle.
Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.
What Mary said confused her parents.
However you learn to spell is OK with me.
Noun clauses as objects of verbs:
We didn’t know that Billy would jump.
We didn’t know Billy would jump.
Can you tell me if Fred is here?
I don’t know where he is.
George eats whatever is on his plate.
Noun clauses as subject complements:
The truth is that Billy was not very smart.
The truth is Billy was not very smart.
The question is whether other boys will try the same thing.
The winner will be whoever runs fastest.
Noun clauses as objects of prepositions:
Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said.
He wants to learn about whatever is interesting.
Noun clauses as adjective complements:
He is happy that he is learning English.
We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult.
http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23
10 Mart 2010 Çarşamba
articles
Here are the rules for when to use "A, An or The":
•a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants
She has a dog.
I work in a factory.
•an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u)
Can I have an apple?
She is an English teacher.
•the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know)
The car over there is fast.
The teacher is very good, isn't he?
•The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time you repeat that object use "the".
I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.
•DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as "The United States".
He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier.
They live in northern British Columbia.
•Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas -
My country borders on the Pacific Ocean
•DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in general
I like Russian tea.
She likes reading books.
•DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places, and transport
He has breakfast at home.
I go to university.
He comes to work by taxi.
from:
http://esl.about.com/od/thebasics/a/a_an_the.htm
•a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants
She has a dog.
I work in a factory.
•an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u)
Can I have an apple?
She is an English teacher.
•the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know)
The car over there is fast.
The teacher is very good, isn't he?
•The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time you repeat that object use "the".
I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.
•DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as "The United States".
He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier.
They live in northern British Columbia.
•Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas -
My country borders on the Pacific Ocean
•DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in general
I like Russian tea.
She likes reading books.
•DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places, and transport
He has breakfast at home.
I go to university.
He comes to work by taxi.
from:
http://esl.about.com/od/thebasics/a/a_an_the.htm
4 Mart 2010 Perşembe
MODAL
Modal auxiliary verbs are used to moderate the main verb, that is to enhance or restrict the verb to a certain context.
The most common modal auxiliaries in English are:
can
could may
should might
will must
would
Notice the usage of modals in the following sentences:
I pay my taxes. General declaration of fact. Paying taxes is something I normally do.
I can pay my taxes. Expresses ability. I have the means (funds) to pay.
I might pay my taxes. Expresses possibility, but not certainty. Maybe I will pay; maybe I won't.
I will pay my taxes. Expresses future intent. I resolve to do it at some later time.
I should pay my taxes. Expresses mild obligation. It is required, and I expect to comply.
I could pay my taxes. Expresses possibility. If I have nothing else to do with the money, I might pay taxes.
I would pay my taxes. (In this case), expresses reservation. If I had the money (but I don't). . .
I must pay my taxes. Expresses strong obligation. I am required and have to comply.
Modals are followed by only the base form of the verb and are not used alone unless there is a clear connection to a main verb.
He must to finish his homework.
He must finish his homework.
Jack could heard the bell.
Jack could hear the bell.
Penny will going to the movie.
Penny will go to the movie.
WRONG
RIGHT
WRONG
RIGHT
WRONG
RIGHT
There are many ways to make requests in English. The most common involves using the imperative and modals. See the examples below:
Using the Imperative
The imperative is the simple form of the verb. The
subject of an imperative sentence is understood as "you" although it is usually not spoken.
Open the door.
Will you help me?
Pick up your toys.
Please help me.
(You) open the door.
Yes, I will (help you).
(You) pick up your toys.
(You) please help me.
The imperative is often used by persons of authority when speaking to subordinates, e.g. parent to child.
Using Modals
To show respect and politeness, most people use modal
expressions when making requests. For example:
Will you...?
Would you...?
Would you please...?
Could you (please)...?
Could you possibly...?
Would you kindly...?
Would you mind (Ving )...?
Would you be so kind as to...?
Will you open the door for me?
Would you open the door for me?
Would you please open the door (for me)?
Could you (please)...? Could you (please) open the door?
Could you possibly open the door?
Would you kindly open the door?
Would you mind opening the door?
Would you be so kind as to open the door?
Common Problems with Modals
1. Using "to" unnecessarily:
Incorrect
They going to meet us at the theater.
He should to eat his dinner.
I had better to go now.
You must not to use that pencil.
Correct
They are going to meet us at the theater.
He should eat his dinner.
I had better go now.
You must not use that pencil.
2. Using anything but the base form after a modal:
John could heard the bell.
Penny will going to the movie.
John could hear the bell.
Penny will go to the movie.
3. Using double modals:
You should ought to speak English.
She might can help me.
You ought to speak English. /should speak
She might be able to help me.
4. Omitting "be" in certain modal expressions:
They going to meet us at the theater.
Jack supposed to take his medicine.
They are going to meet us at the theater.
Jack is supposed to take his medicine.
5. Using wrong word order in questions:
How I can help you?
Where I should go for the meeting?
How can I help you?
Where should I go for the meeting?
from:
http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/basic_modals.html
The most common modal auxiliaries in English are:
can
could may
should might
will must
would
Notice the usage of modals in the following sentences:
I pay my taxes. General declaration of fact. Paying taxes is something I normally do.
I can pay my taxes. Expresses ability. I have the means (funds) to pay.
I might pay my taxes. Expresses possibility, but not certainty. Maybe I will pay; maybe I won't.
I will pay my taxes. Expresses future intent. I resolve to do it at some later time.
I should pay my taxes. Expresses mild obligation. It is required, and I expect to comply.
I could pay my taxes. Expresses possibility. If I have nothing else to do with the money, I might pay taxes.
I would pay my taxes. (In this case), expresses reservation. If I had the money (but I don't). . .
I must pay my taxes. Expresses strong obligation. I am required and have to comply.
Modals are followed by only the base form of the verb and are not used alone unless there is a clear connection to a main verb.
He must to finish his homework.
He must finish his homework.
Jack could heard the bell.
Jack could hear the bell.
Penny will going to the movie.
Penny will go to the movie.
WRONG
RIGHT
WRONG
RIGHT
WRONG
RIGHT
There are many ways to make requests in English. The most common involves using the imperative and modals. See the examples below:
Using the Imperative
The imperative is the simple form of the verb. The
subject of an imperative sentence is understood as "you" although it is usually not spoken.
Open the door.
Will you help me?
Pick up your toys.
Please help me.
(You) open the door.
Yes, I will (help you).
(You) pick up your toys.
(You) please help me.
The imperative is often used by persons of authority when speaking to subordinates, e.g. parent to child.
Using Modals
To show respect and politeness, most people use modal
expressions when making requests. For example:
Will you...?
Would you...?
Would you please...?
Could you (please)...?
Could you possibly...?
Would you kindly...?
Would you mind (Ving )...?
Would you be so kind as to...?
Will you open the door for me?
Would you open the door for me?
Would you please open the door (for me)?
Could you (please)...? Could you (please) open the door?
Could you possibly open the door?
Would you kindly open the door?
Would you mind opening the door?
Would you be so kind as to open the door?
Common Problems with Modals
1. Using "to" unnecessarily:
Incorrect
They going to meet us at the theater.
He should to eat his dinner.
I had better to go now.
You must not to use that pencil.
Correct
They are going to meet us at the theater.
He should eat his dinner.
I had better go now.
You must not use that pencil.
2. Using anything but the base form after a modal:
John could heard the bell.
Penny will going to the movie.
John could hear the bell.
Penny will go to the movie.
3. Using double modals:
You should ought to speak English.
She might can help me.
You ought to speak English. /should speak
She might be able to help me.
4. Omitting "be" in certain modal expressions:
They going to meet us at the theater.
Jack supposed to take his medicine.
They are going to meet us at the theater.
Jack is supposed to take his medicine.
5. Using wrong word order in questions:
How I can help you?
Where I should go for the meeting?
How can I help you?
Where should I go for the meeting?
from:
http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/basic_modals.html
1 Mart 2010 Pazartesi
reporting verbs
Some basic reporting verbs
Accuse
to accuse someone of doing something
"It was you who stole my purse, Miro, wasn't it?"
He accused Miro of stealing his purse.
Admit
to admit doing something
to admit that...
"OK, it was me. I stole your purse"
Miro admitted stealing his purse.
Miro admitted that he had had stolen his purse.
Advise
to advise someone to do something
"Well, if I were you I'd start saving for my retirement."
He advised me to start saving for my retirement
Agree
to agree that...
"Yes, you're right, it's a terrible book."
She agreed that it was a terrible book.
Announce
to announce that...
"I'm afraid I've got some bad news. The company's closing."
The manager announced that the company was closing.
apologise
to apologise (to someone) for doing something
"I'm sorry I didn't get to the meeting."
He apologised for not going to the meeting.
Ask
to ask someone to do something
"It's very hot in here. Would you mind opening the window?"
She asked him to open the window.
blame
to blame someone for doing something
"We lost the match because you didn't save that penalty."
He blamed the goalkeeper for losing the match.
Complain
to complain about something
"The plumber said he was coming at ten o'clock so I took time off work and waited in all morning...."
She complained about the plumber.
Congratulate
to congratulate someone on doing something
"Well done! I knew you'd pass your driving test this time."
She congratulated him on passing his driving test.
Deny
to deny doing something
to deny that...
"It most certainly wasn't me that left the front door unlocked."
He denied leaving the front door unlocked.
He denied that he had left the front door unlocked.
Explain
to explain why...
to explain that...
"Sorry I'm late. The traffic was bad and then I couldn't find a parking space."
He explained why he was late.
He explained that the traffic was bad.
Forget
to forget to do something
" I haven't got any money. I didn't go to the bank."
He forgot to go to the bank.
Invite
to invite someone to do something
"Would you like to come to our house for lunch on Friday?
He invited them to come to lunch on Friday.
Offer
to offer to do something for someone
"Those boxes must be heavy, Bob. Shall I take one?"
She offered to carry a bag for him.
Promise
to promise to do something
"Yes, honest, I'll be there on time. I won't be late."
He promised not to be late.
Refuse
to refuse to do something
"Well I'm not washing up. I did it last time."
He refused to do the washing-up.
Remind
to remind someone to do something
"Remember you have to go to the school. You forgot yesterday."
She reminded me to go to the school.
suggest
to suggest that someone should do something
to suggest that someone do something
"Why don't you go to the dentist if your tooth hurts?"
She suggested that he should go to the dentist.
She suggested that he went to the dentist.
threaten
to threaten to do something
"If you're late again we'll start without you."
They threatened to start without him.
warn
to warn someone about something
to warn someone (not) to do something
"Don't drive too quickly. The streets are very icy."
He warned him about the ice.
He warned him not to drive too quickly.
http://valenciaenglish.netfirms.com/reporting.htm
Accuse
to accuse someone of doing something
"It was you who stole my purse, Miro, wasn't it?"
He accused Miro of stealing his purse.
Admit
to admit doing something
to admit that...
"OK, it was me. I stole your purse"
Miro admitted stealing his purse.
Miro admitted that he had had stolen his purse.
Advise
to advise someone to do something
"Well, if I were you I'd start saving for my retirement."
He advised me to start saving for my retirement
Agree
to agree that...
"Yes, you're right, it's a terrible book."
She agreed that it was a terrible book.
Announce
to announce that...
"I'm afraid I've got some bad news. The company's closing."
The manager announced that the company was closing.
apologise
to apologise (to someone) for doing something
"I'm sorry I didn't get to the meeting."
He apologised for not going to the meeting.
Ask
to ask someone to do something
"It's very hot in here. Would you mind opening the window?"
She asked him to open the window.
blame
to blame someone for doing something
"We lost the match because you didn't save that penalty."
He blamed the goalkeeper for losing the match.
Complain
to complain about something
"The plumber said he was coming at ten o'clock so I took time off work and waited in all morning...."
She complained about the plumber.
Congratulate
to congratulate someone on doing something
"Well done! I knew you'd pass your driving test this time."
She congratulated him on passing his driving test.
Deny
to deny doing something
to deny that...
"It most certainly wasn't me that left the front door unlocked."
He denied leaving the front door unlocked.
He denied that he had left the front door unlocked.
Explain
to explain why...
to explain that...
"Sorry I'm late. The traffic was bad and then I couldn't find a parking space."
He explained why he was late.
He explained that the traffic was bad.
Forget
to forget to do something
" I haven't got any money. I didn't go to the bank."
He forgot to go to the bank.
Invite
to invite someone to do something
"Would you like to come to our house for lunch on Friday?
He invited them to come to lunch on Friday.
Offer
to offer to do something for someone
"Those boxes must be heavy, Bob. Shall I take one?"
She offered to carry a bag for him.
Promise
to promise to do something
"Yes, honest, I'll be there on time. I won't be late."
He promised not to be late.
Refuse
to refuse to do something
"Well I'm not washing up. I did it last time."
He refused to do the washing-up.
Remind
to remind someone to do something
"Remember you have to go to the school. You forgot yesterday."
She reminded me to go to the school.
suggest
to suggest that someone should do something
to suggest that someone do something
"Why don't you go to the dentist if your tooth hurts?"
She suggested that he should go to the dentist.
She suggested that he went to the dentist.
threaten
to threaten to do something
"If you're late again we'll start without you."
They threatened to start without him.
warn
to warn someone about something
to warn someone (not) to do something
"Don't drive too quickly. The streets are very icy."
He warned him about the ice.
He warned him not to drive too quickly.
http://valenciaenglish.netfirms.com/reporting.htm
19 Şubat 2010 Cuma
wish clauses
I WISH
Are you happy about who you are? Are you delighted with the conditions and the status you have, the money you get, your physical appearance, your family, friends? What about your past? When you consider your past life, can you say, “Whatever I’ve done was for a reason, I never say ‘if only!’ ” - or do you have regrets and criticisms about your past ?
I’m one who has many regrets. If I (1) ________ (have) a chance to change my life, I (2) _________ (reorganize) my life. First of all, I’d change my education. Primary school was fine. If only we (3) _________ (be) children again playing, enjoying life without any problems and laughing all the time. Anyway, after primary school I went to a private secondary school, the best in Ankara, until then we had to move to Trabzon. Yes, there was an Anatolian High school there but there were no English teachers. I wish I (4) _________ (learn) English better during those years. If only I (5) _________ (never/ go) to Trabzon! I still have nightmares in which I’m a student in TAL.
My university years was the most enjoyable time of my life, but I was terribly alone. I fell in love many times but I didn’t have the courage to talk about my feelings. I wish I (6) _________ (have) the courage to talk to Kanat or Cem . I spent all those beautiful and energetic years without a boyfriend. If only I (7) _________ (have) a boyfriend with whom I could have enjoyed campus. Also, I stayed in dorm for five years and I shared my room with three witches whom I wanted to kill every single day! I didn’t have enough money to move to a private flat. Actually, if I had had enough money, I wouldn’t have gone to sleep hungry every night. I wish my father (8) _________ (send) me more money for my expenses.
After university, I fell in love with a man who used to live in Istanbul and, without considering all the pros and cons, I moved to Istanbul in a week. Only a month after my move, we split up. I was alone again among fifteen million people. If I (9) _________ (move) , I (10) _______ (be) alone now. I wish I (11) ________ (never/see) him. All my friends are in Ankara and have a good time together. I wish they (12) ________ (be) here, or I (13)________ (be) there with them.
Finally, my marriage. I’m married to a drunk who used to be a gentleman a year ago. I wish he (14)_______ (behave) better and (15)________ (not / drink) at all. God, my life is full of mistakes. I wish I (16)_______ (never /born)!
Key 1 . had 2 . would reorganize 3 . were/could be 4 . had learnt/learned 5 . had never gone 6 . had had
7 . had had 8 . had sent 9 . hadn’t moved 10 . wouldn’t be 11 . had never seen 12 . were 13 . were/was
14 . behaved 15 . didn’t drink 16. had never been born
Are you happy about who you are? Are you delighted with the conditions and the status you have, the money you get, your physical appearance, your family, friends? What about your past? When you consider your past life, can you say, “Whatever I’ve done was for a reason, I never say ‘if only!’ ” - or do you have regrets and criticisms about your past ?
I’m one who has many regrets. If I (1) ________ (have) a chance to change my life, I (2) _________ (reorganize) my life. First of all, I’d change my education. Primary school was fine. If only we (3) _________ (be) children again playing, enjoying life without any problems and laughing all the time. Anyway, after primary school I went to a private secondary school, the best in Ankara, until then we had to move to Trabzon. Yes, there was an Anatolian High school there but there were no English teachers. I wish I (4) _________ (learn) English better during those years. If only I (5) _________ (never/ go) to Trabzon! I still have nightmares in which I’m a student in TAL.
My university years was the most enjoyable time of my life, but I was terribly alone. I fell in love many times but I didn’t have the courage to talk about my feelings. I wish I (6) _________ (have) the courage to talk to Kanat or Cem . I spent all those beautiful and energetic years without a boyfriend. If only I (7) _________ (have) a boyfriend with whom I could have enjoyed campus. Also, I stayed in dorm for five years and I shared my room with three witches whom I wanted to kill every single day! I didn’t have enough money to move to a private flat. Actually, if I had had enough money, I wouldn’t have gone to sleep hungry every night. I wish my father (8) _________ (send) me more money for my expenses.
After university, I fell in love with a man who used to live in Istanbul and, without considering all the pros and cons, I moved to Istanbul in a week. Only a month after my move, we split up. I was alone again among fifteen million people. If I (9) _________ (move) , I (10) _______ (be) alone now. I wish I (11) ________ (never/see) him. All my friends are in Ankara and have a good time together. I wish they (12) ________ (be) here, or I (13)________ (be) there with them.
Finally, my marriage. I’m married to a drunk who used to be a gentleman a year ago. I wish he (14)_______ (behave) better and (15)________ (not / drink) at all. God, my life is full of mistakes. I wish I (16)_______ (never /born)!
Key 1 . had 2 . would reorganize 3 . were/could be 4 . had learnt/learned 5 . had never gone 6 . had had
7 . had had 8 . had sent 9 . hadn’t moved 10 . wouldn’t be 11 . had never seen 12 . were 13 . were/was
14 . behaved 15 . didn’t drink 16. had never been born
useful websites to practise conditionals
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/conditional-sentences-4
http://www.learn4good.com/languages/evrd_grammar/1stconditional.htm
http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=431#a
http://www.learn4good.com/languages/evrd_grammar/1stconditional.htm
http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=431#a
conditionals exercise
All Conditional Forms
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate conditional form, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.
1. (If / When) I leave work, I usually go to the fitness center to work out.
2. She hates TV. She thinks television is a waste of time. (If / When) she watches any television at all, it is usually a documentary or a news program.
3. My friend always keeps in touch by mail. (If / When) I get a letter, I usually write back immediately.
4. If I (have) enough money, I (go) on safari to Kenya. However, my bank account is empty!
5. I love to travel! When I (have) enough money, I (go) abroad. I do it almost every year.
6. I really wanted to go on safari to Kenya with my friends, but I couldn't afford to go. If I (have) enough money, I (go) with them.
7. I'm sorry, I didn't know you were allergic to chocolate. If I (know) , I (make) you a vanilla birthday cake.
8. Stop asking me what Amanda bought you for Christmas. Even if I (know) what she bought you, I (tell, not) you.
9. Nobody here speaks English. Too bad Gloria isn't here. If she (be) with us, she (can) act as our interpreter.
10. I am afraid I won't be able to come to your wedding next week because my company is sending me to New York to attend a trade show. I (miss, never) your wedding if I (have) a choice in the matter.
11. If the weather is nice tomorrow, she (walk) along the river to school.
12. If you help me move tomorrow, I (treat) you to a dinner and a movie.
13. If you were to help me move tomorrow, I (treat) you to a dinner and a movie.
14. If I were in Tahiti right now, I (snorkel) along a beautiful reef. I wouldn't be stuck here in this office with mountains of paperwork.
15. If Jerry hadn't stopped to pick up that quarter, he (cross) the street when the bus ran the red light. He might have been killed!
16. Tina's train arrived ahead of schedule. If I hadn't decided to go to the train station early, she (wait) there for more than twenty minutes before I arrived.
17. If I (pass) the test, I (get) an "A" in the class. Instead, I got a "C." I really should have studied more.
18. If I (be) rich, I (buy) that new Mercedes we saw yesterday. Unfortunately, I can't even afford a used car.
19. We (go) skiing this weekend, but there's no snow. Oh, well! We will just have to find something else to do instead.
20. If Heather spoke Chinese, she (translate) the email for you yesterday
ANSWERS
1. when I leave work, I usually go to the fitness center to work out.
2. She hates TV. She thinks television is a waste of time. if she watches any television at all, it is usually a documentary or a news program.
3. My friend always keeps in touch by mail. when I get a letter, I usually write back immediately.
4. If I had enough money, I would go on safari to Kenya. However, my bank account is empty!
5. I love to travel! When I have enough money, I go abroad. I do it almost every year.
6. I really wanted to go on safari to Kenya with my friends, but I couldn't afford to go. If I had had enough money, I would have gone with them.
7. I'm sorry, I didn't know you were allergic to chocolate. If I had known, I would have made you a vanilla birthday cake.
8. Stop asking me what Amanda bought you for Christmas. Even if I (know) knew what she bought you, I wouldn't tell you.
9. Nobody here speaks English. Too bad Gloria isn't here. If she were with us, she could act as our interpreter.
10. I am afraid I won't be able to come to your wedding next week because my company is sending me to New York to attend a trade show. I would never miss your wedding if I had a choice in the matter.
11. If the weather is nice tomorrow, she will walk along the river to school.
12. If you help me move tomorrow, I will treat you to a dinner and a movie.
13. If you were to help me move tomorrow, I would treat you to a dinner and a movie.
14. If I were in Tahiti right now, I would be snorkeling along a beautiful reef. I wouldn't be stuck here in this office with mountains of paperwork.
15. If Jerry hadn't stopped to pick up that quarter, he would have been crossing the street when the bus ran the red light. He might have been killed!
16. Tina's train arrived ahead of schedule. If I hadn't decided to go to the train station early, she would have been waiting there for more than twenty minutes before I arrived.
17. If I had passed the test, I would have got an "A" in the class. Instead, I got a "C." I really should have studied more.
18. If I were rich, I would have bought that new Mercedes we saw yesterday. Unfortunately, I can't even afford a used car.
19. We would go skiing this weekend, but there's no snow. Oh, well! We will just have to find something else to do instead.
20. If Heather spoke Chinese, she would have translated the email for you yesterday.
from
http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional12.htm
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate conditional form, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.
1. (If / When) I leave work, I usually go to the fitness center to work out.
2. She hates TV. She thinks television is a waste of time. (If / When) she watches any television at all, it is usually a documentary or a news program.
3. My friend always keeps in touch by mail. (If / When) I get a letter, I usually write back immediately.
4. If I (have) enough money, I (go) on safari to Kenya. However, my bank account is empty!
5. I love to travel! When I (have) enough money, I (go) abroad. I do it almost every year.
6. I really wanted to go on safari to Kenya with my friends, but I couldn't afford to go. If I (have) enough money, I (go) with them.
7. I'm sorry, I didn't know you were allergic to chocolate. If I (know) , I (make) you a vanilla birthday cake.
8. Stop asking me what Amanda bought you for Christmas. Even if I (know) what she bought you, I (tell, not) you.
9. Nobody here speaks English. Too bad Gloria isn't here. If she (be) with us, she (can) act as our interpreter.
10. I am afraid I won't be able to come to your wedding next week because my company is sending me to New York to attend a trade show. I (miss, never) your wedding if I (have) a choice in the matter.
11. If the weather is nice tomorrow, she (walk) along the river to school.
12. If you help me move tomorrow, I (treat) you to a dinner and a movie.
13. If you were to help me move tomorrow, I (treat) you to a dinner and a movie.
14. If I were in Tahiti right now, I (snorkel) along a beautiful reef. I wouldn't be stuck here in this office with mountains of paperwork.
15. If Jerry hadn't stopped to pick up that quarter, he (cross) the street when the bus ran the red light. He might have been killed!
16. Tina's train arrived ahead of schedule. If I hadn't decided to go to the train station early, she (wait) there for more than twenty minutes before I arrived.
17. If I (pass) the test, I (get) an "A" in the class. Instead, I got a "C." I really should have studied more.
18. If I (be) rich, I (buy) that new Mercedes we saw yesterday. Unfortunately, I can't even afford a used car.
19. We (go) skiing this weekend, but there's no snow. Oh, well! We will just have to find something else to do instead.
20. If Heather spoke Chinese, she (translate) the email for you yesterday
ANSWERS
1. when I leave work, I usually go to the fitness center to work out.
2. She hates TV. She thinks television is a waste of time. if she watches any television at all, it is usually a documentary or a news program.
3. My friend always keeps in touch by mail. when I get a letter, I usually write back immediately.
4. If I had enough money, I would go on safari to Kenya. However, my bank account is empty!
5. I love to travel! When I have enough money, I go abroad. I do it almost every year.
6. I really wanted to go on safari to Kenya with my friends, but I couldn't afford to go. If I had had enough money, I would have gone with them.
7. I'm sorry, I didn't know you were allergic to chocolate. If I had known, I would have made you a vanilla birthday cake.
8. Stop asking me what Amanda bought you for Christmas. Even if I (know) knew what she bought you, I wouldn't tell you.
9. Nobody here speaks English. Too bad Gloria isn't here. If she were with us, she could act as our interpreter.
10. I am afraid I won't be able to come to your wedding next week because my company is sending me to New York to attend a trade show. I would never miss your wedding if I had a choice in the matter.
11. If the weather is nice tomorrow, she will walk along the river to school.
12. If you help me move tomorrow, I will treat you to a dinner and a movie.
13. If you were to help me move tomorrow, I would treat you to a dinner and a movie.
14. If I were in Tahiti right now, I would be snorkeling along a beautiful reef. I wouldn't be stuck here in this office with mountains of paperwork.
15. If Jerry hadn't stopped to pick up that quarter, he would have been crossing the street when the bus ran the red light. He might have been killed!
16. Tina's train arrived ahead of schedule. If I hadn't decided to go to the train station early, she would have been waiting there for more than twenty minutes before I arrived.
17. If I had passed the test, I would have got an "A" in the class. Instead, I got a "C." I really should have studied more.
18. If I were rich, I would have bought that new Mercedes we saw yesterday. Unfortunately, I can't even afford a used car.
19. We would go skiing this weekend, but there's no snow. Oh, well! We will just have to find something else to do instead.
20. If Heather spoke Chinese, she would have translated the email for you yesterday.
from
http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional12.htm
16 Şubat 2010 Salı
subjunctives
Use of the Subjunctive
We use subjunctives mainly when talking about events that are not certain to happen. For example, we use the subjunctive when talking about events that somebody:
•wants to happen
•hopes will happen
•imagines happening
Look at these examples:
•The President requests that you be present at the meeting.
•It is vital that you be present at the meeting.
•If you were at the meeting, the President would be happy.
The subjunctive is typically used after two structures:
•the verbs: ask, command, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest + that
•the expressions: it is desirable, essential, important, necessary, vital + that
Here are some examples with the subjunctive:
•The manager insists that the car park be locked at night.
•The board of directors recommended that he join the company.
•It is essential that we vote as soon as possible.
•It was necessary that every student submit his essay by the weekend.
Notice that in these structures the subjunctive is always the same. It does not matter whether the sentence is past or present. Look at these examples:
•Present: The President requests that they stop the occupation.
•Past: The President requested that they stop the occupation.
•Present: It is essential that she be present.
•Past: It was essential that she be present.
Verbs Followed by the Subjunctive
The Subjunctive is used after the following verbs:
to advise (that)
to ask (that)
to command (that)
to demand (that)
to desire (that)
to insist (that)
to propose (that)
to recommend (that)
to request (that)
to suggest (that)
to urge (that)
Examples:
•Dr. Smith asked that Mark submit his research paper before the end of the month.
•Donna requested Frank come to the party.
•The teacher insists that her students be on time.
Expressions Followed by the Subjunctive
The Subjunctive is used after the following expressions:
It is best (that)
It is crucial (that)
It is desirable (that)
It is essential (that)
It is imperative (that)
It is important (that)
It is recommended (that)
It is urgent (that)
It is vital (that)
It is a good idea (that)
It is a bad idea (that)
Examples:
•It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives.
•It is important she attend the meeting.
•It is recommended that he take a gallon of water with him if he wants to hike to the bottom of the Grand Canyon.
websites to study subjunctives;
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-subjunctive_quiz.htm
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/cgi-shl/quiz.pl/subjunctive_quiz.htm
http://www.englishpage.com/minitutorials/subjunctiveexercise.htm
We use subjunctives mainly when talking about events that are not certain to happen. For example, we use the subjunctive when talking about events that somebody:
•wants to happen
•hopes will happen
•imagines happening
Look at these examples:
•The President requests that you be present at the meeting.
•It is vital that you be present at the meeting.
•If you were at the meeting, the President would be happy.
The subjunctive is typically used after two structures:
•the verbs: ask, command, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest + that
•the expressions: it is desirable, essential, important, necessary, vital + that
Here are some examples with the subjunctive:
•The manager insists that the car park be locked at night.
•The board of directors recommended that he join the company.
•It is essential that we vote as soon as possible.
•It was necessary that every student submit his essay by the weekend.
Notice that in these structures the subjunctive is always the same. It does not matter whether the sentence is past or present. Look at these examples:
•Present: The President requests that they stop the occupation.
•Past: The President requested that they stop the occupation.
•Present: It is essential that she be present.
•Past: It was essential that she be present.
Verbs Followed by the Subjunctive
The Subjunctive is used after the following verbs:
to advise (that)
to ask (that)
to command (that)
to demand (that)
to desire (that)
to insist (that)
to propose (that)
to recommend (that)
to request (that)
to suggest (that)
to urge (that)
Examples:
•Dr. Smith asked that Mark submit his research paper before the end of the month.
•Donna requested Frank come to the party.
•The teacher insists that her students be on time.
Expressions Followed by the Subjunctive
The Subjunctive is used after the following expressions:
It is best (that)
It is crucial (that)
It is desirable (that)
It is essential (that)
It is imperative (that)
It is important (that)
It is recommended (that)
It is urgent (that)
It is vital (that)
It is a good idea (that)
It is a bad idea (that)
Examples:
•It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives.
•It is important she attend the meeting.
•It is recommended that he take a gallon of water with him if he wants to hike to the bottom of the Grand Canyon.
websites to study subjunctives;
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-subjunctive_quiz.htm
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/cgi-shl/quiz.pl/subjunctive_quiz.htm
http://www.englishpage.com/minitutorials/subjunctiveexercise.htm
mixed conditionals
Examples:
PAST PRESENT
•If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.
But I didn't win the lottery in the past and I am not rich now.
•If I had taken French in high school, I would have more job opportunities.
But I didn't take French in high school and I don't have many job opportunities.
•If she had been born in the United States, she wouldn't need a visa to work here.
But she wasn't born in the United States and she does need a visa now to work here.
PRESENT PAST
•If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw yesterday.
But I am not currently rich and that is why I didn't buy the Ferrari yesterday.
•If Sam spoke Russian, he would have translated the letter for you.
But Sam doesn't speak Russian and that is why he didn't translate the letter.
•If I didn't have to work so much, I would have gone to the party last night.
But I have to work a lot and that is why I didn't go to the party last night.
very good websites to practise mixed conditionals;
http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional10.htm
http://www.learn4good.com/languages/evrd_grammar/Mixedconditionals.php3
PAST PRESENT
•If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.
But I didn't win the lottery in the past and I am not rich now.
•If I had taken French in high school, I would have more job opportunities.
But I didn't take French in high school and I don't have many job opportunities.
•If she had been born in the United States, she wouldn't need a visa to work here.
But she wasn't born in the United States and she does need a visa now to work here.
PRESENT PAST
•If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw yesterday.
But I am not currently rich and that is why I didn't buy the Ferrari yesterday.
•If Sam spoke Russian, he would have translated the letter for you.
But Sam doesn't speak Russian and that is why he didn't translate the letter.
•If I didn't have to work so much, I would have gone to the party last night.
But I have to work a lot and that is why I didn't go to the party last night.
very good websites to practise mixed conditionals;
http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional10.htm
http://www.learn4good.com/languages/evrd_grammar/Mixedconditionals.php3
9 Şubat 2010 Salı
exercise on 1st conditional
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type I. Only use the will-future in the main clauses. Mind the position of the if-clause.
Example: Lisa ________ (not/to open) the window if you _________ (not/to tell) her.
Answer: Lisa will not open the window if you do not tell her. or
Lisa won't open the window if you don't tell her.
1) If we ________(to send) an invitation, our friends___________(to come) to our party.
2) He ________ (not/to understand) you if you____________ (to whisper).
3) They ___________ (not/to survive) in the desert if they _________ (not/to take) extra water with them.
4) If you __________(to press) CTRL + s, you ____________ (to save) the file.
5) You ___________(to cross) the Channel if you __________ (to fly) from Paris to London.
6) Fred __________(to answer) the phone if his wife ___________(to have) a bath.
7) If Claire ___________ (to wear) this dress at the party, our guests _________(not/to stay) any longer.
8) If I__________ (to touch) this snake, my girlfriend __________ (not/to scream).
9) She_________ (to forget) to pick you up if you __________(not/to phone) her.
10) I _________ (to remember) you if you ____________(to give) me a photo.
1) If we send an invitation, our friends will come to our party.
2) He will not understand you if you whisper.
3) They will not survive in the desert if they do not take extra water with them.
4) If you press CTRL + s, you will save the file.
5) You will cross the Channel if you fly from Paris to London.
6) Fred will answer the phone if his wife has a bath.
7) If Claire wears this dress at the party, our guests will not stay any longer.
8) If I touch this snake, my girlfriend will not scream.
9) She will forget to pick you up if you do not phone her.
10) I will remember you if you give me a photo.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example: Lisa ________ (not/to open) the window if you _________ (not/to tell) her.
Answer: Lisa will not open the window if you do not tell her. or
Lisa won't open the window if you don't tell her.
1) If we ________(to send) an invitation, our friends___________(to come) to our party.
2) He ________ (not/to understand) you if you____________ (to whisper).
3) They ___________ (not/to survive) in the desert if they _________ (not/to take) extra water with them.
4) If you __________(to press) CTRL + s, you ____________ (to save) the file.
5) You ___________(to cross) the Channel if you __________ (to fly) from Paris to London.
6) Fred __________(to answer) the phone if his wife ___________(to have) a bath.
7) If Claire ___________ (to wear) this dress at the party, our guests _________(not/to stay) any longer.
8) If I__________ (to touch) this snake, my girlfriend __________ (not/to scream).
9) She_________ (to forget) to pick you up if you __________(not/to phone) her.
10) I _________ (to remember) you if you ____________(to give) me a photo.
1) If we send an invitation, our friends will come to our party.
2) He will not understand you if you whisper.
3) They will not survive in the desert if they do not take extra water with them.
4) If you press CTRL + s, you will save the file.
5) You will cross the Channel if you fly from Paris to London.
6) Fred will answer the phone if his wife has a bath.
7) If Claire wears this dress at the party, our guests will not stay any longer.
8) If I touch this snake, my girlfriend will not scream.
9) She will forget to pick you up if you do not phone her.
10) I will remember you if you give me a photo.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Ocak 2010 Cumartesi
Second conditional
The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future.Type 1: if + present + future.
Example:
If I have the money, I will buy this car.
If it's sunny, we'll go to the park.
Peter will be sad if Susan leaves.
If you cook dinner, I'll wash the dishes.
Among other variations the structure if + present + present is also possible. It is used when the results are habitual or automatic. Example: If a commodity is in short, supply prices tend to rise.
http://netgrammar.altec.org/Units/Unit_15/a101c15_201000.html
The Second Conditional is used to talk about 'impossible' situations.
•If we were in London today, we would be able to go to the concert in Hyde Park.
•If I had millions dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.
•If there were no hungry people in this world, it would be a much better place.
•If everyone had clean water to drink, there would be a lot less disease.
Note that after I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'. (Some people think that 'were' is the only 'correct' form but other people think 'was' is equally 'correct' .)
•If she were happy in her job, she wouldn't be looking for another one.
•If I lived in Japan, I'd have sushi every day.
•If they were to enter our market, we'd have big problems.
Note the form 'If I were you' which is often used to give advice.
•If I were you, I'd look for a new place to live.
•If I were you, I'd go back to school and get more qualifications.
The Second Conditional is also used to talk about 'unlikely' situations.
•If I went to China, I'd visit the Great Wall.
•If I was the President, I'd reduce taxes.
•If you were in my position, you'd understand.
Note that the choice between the first and the second conditional is often a question of the speaker's attitude rather than of facts. Compare these examples. Otto thinks these things are possible, Peter doesn't.
•Otto – If I win the lottery, I'll buy a big house.
•Peter – If I won the lottery, I'd buy a big house.
•Otto – If I get promoted, I'll throw a big party.
•Peter – If I got promoted, I'd throw a big party.
•Otto – If my team win the Cup, I'll buy champagne for everybody.
•Peter – If my team won the Cup, I'd buy champagne for everybody.
Note that the 'If clause' can contain the past simple or the past continuous.
•If I was still working in Brighton, I would commute by train.
•If she were coming, she would be here by now.
•If they were thinking of selling, I would want to buy.
Note that the main clause can contain 'would' 'could' or 'might.
•If I had the chance to do it again, I would do it differently.
•If we met up for lunch, we could go to that new restaurant.
•If I spoke to him directly, I might be able to persuade him.
Also note that sometimes the 'if clause' is implied rather than spoken.
•What would I do without you? ("if you weren't here")
•Where would I get one at this time of night? ("if I wanted one")
•He wouldn't agree. ("if I asked him")
http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/secondconditional/menu.php
Example:
If I have the money, I will buy this car.
If it's sunny, we'll go to the park.
Peter will be sad if Susan leaves.
If you cook dinner, I'll wash the dishes.
Among other variations the structure if + present + present is also possible. It is used when the results are habitual or automatic. Example: If a commodity is in short, supply prices tend to rise.
http://netgrammar.altec.org/Units/Unit_15/a101c15_201000.html
The Second Conditional is used to talk about 'impossible' situations.
•If we were in London today, we would be able to go to the concert in Hyde Park.
•If I had millions dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.
•If there were no hungry people in this world, it would be a much better place.
•If everyone had clean water to drink, there would be a lot less disease.
Note that after I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'. (Some people think that 'were' is the only 'correct' form but other people think 'was' is equally 'correct' .)
•If she were happy in her job, she wouldn't be looking for another one.
•If I lived in Japan, I'd have sushi every day.
•If they were to enter our market, we'd have big problems.
Note the form 'If I were you' which is often used to give advice.
•If I were you, I'd look for a new place to live.
•If I were you, I'd go back to school and get more qualifications.
The Second Conditional is also used to talk about 'unlikely' situations.
•If I went to China, I'd visit the Great Wall.
•If I was the President, I'd reduce taxes.
•If you were in my position, you'd understand.
Note that the choice between the first and the second conditional is often a question of the speaker's attitude rather than of facts. Compare these examples. Otto thinks these things are possible, Peter doesn't.
•Otto – If I win the lottery, I'll buy a big house.
•Peter – If I won the lottery, I'd buy a big house.
•Otto – If I get promoted, I'll throw a big party.
•Peter – If I got promoted, I'd throw a big party.
•Otto – If my team win the Cup, I'll buy champagne for everybody.
•Peter – If my team won the Cup, I'd buy champagne for everybody.
Note that the 'If clause' can contain the past simple or the past continuous.
•If I was still working in Brighton, I would commute by train.
•If she were coming, she would be here by now.
•If they were thinking of selling, I would want to buy.
Note that the main clause can contain 'would' 'could' or 'might.
•If I had the chance to do it again, I would do it differently.
•If we met up for lunch, we could go to that new restaurant.
•If I spoke to him directly, I might be able to persuade him.
Also note that sometimes the 'if clause' is implied rather than spoken.
•What would I do without you? ("if you weren't here")
•Where would I get one at this time of night? ("if I wanted one")
•He wouldn't agree. ("if I asked him")
http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/secondconditional/menu.php
6 Ocak 2010 Çarşamba
Murphy's laws
•If anything can go wrong, it will
•If there is a possibility of several things going wrong, the one that will cause the most damage will be the one to go wrong
•If anything just cannot go wrong, it will anyway
•Left to themselves, things tend to go from bad to worse
•If everything seems to be going well, you have obviously overlooked something
Smile . . . tomorrow will be worse.
•Nothing is as easy as it looks.
•Everything takes longer than you think.
•Every solution breeds new problems.
•A falling object will always land where it can do the most damage.
•A shatterproof object will always fall on the only surface hard enough to crack or break it.
•A paint drip will always find the hole in the newspaper and land on the carpet underneath (and will not be discovered until it has dried).
•If there is a possibility of several things going wrong, the one that will cause the most damage will be the one to go wrong
•If anything just cannot go wrong, it will anyway
•Left to themselves, things tend to go from bad to worse
•If everything seems to be going well, you have obviously overlooked something
Smile . . . tomorrow will be worse.
•Nothing is as easy as it looks.
•Everything takes longer than you think.
•Every solution breeds new problems.
•A falling object will always land where it can do the most damage.
•A shatterproof object will always fall on the only surface hard enough to crack or break it.
•A paint drip will always find the hole in the newspaper and land on the carpet underneath (and will not be discovered until it has dried).
causatives
Certain verbs can be used to express a causal relationship between the subject and object in a sentence. Some of them require a "to" while others do not. Note the following patterns:
With "to"
S + V + O + to V (O)
I allowed Jim to clean up the mess.
I asked Jim to clean up the mess.
I told Jim to clean up the mess.
I persuaded Jim to clean up the mess.*
Without "to"
S + V + O + V (O)
I let Jim clean up the mess.
http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/causative_verbs.html
I had Jim clean up the mess.
I made Jim clean up the mess.
*Other verbs which use this pattern are require, command, force, order, remind, and urge. The verb help can be used with or without "to": Help Jim (to) clean up the mess.
Some verbs use the pattern, S + V that S + V (the second verb is in the base form)
I insisted that Laura do her homework.
I suggested that Laura do her homework.
I recommended that Laura do her homework.
(not "does")
*Other verbs which can be used with this pattern are ask, require, request, and demand.
The most common error with causatives is using "to" unnecessarily. For example,
We made Kevin to finish his supper.
We made Kevin finish his supper.
They suggested Irene to take music lessons.
They suggested that Irene take music lessons.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
If you have questions or comments about this page, please contact us.
Be sure to include the title of this page in the Subject line of your e-mail.
With "to"
S + V + O + to V (O)
I allowed Jim to clean up the mess.
I asked Jim to clean up the mess.
I told Jim to clean up the mess.
I persuaded Jim to clean up the mess.*
Without "to"
S + V + O + V (O)
I let Jim clean up the mess.
http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/causative_verbs.html
I had Jim clean up the mess.
I made Jim clean up the mess.
*Other verbs which use this pattern are require, command, force, order, remind, and urge. The verb help can be used with or without "to": Help Jim (to) clean up the mess.
Some verbs use the pattern, S + V that S + V (the second verb is in the base form)
I insisted that Laura do her homework.
I suggested that Laura do her homework.
I recommended that Laura do her homework.
(not "does")
*Other verbs which can be used with this pattern are ask, require, request, and demand.
The most common error with causatives is using "to" unnecessarily. For example,
We made Kevin to finish his supper.
We made Kevin finish his supper.
They suggested Irene to take music lessons.
They suggested that Irene take music lessons.
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
(Incorrect)
(Correct)
If you have questions or comments about this page, please contact us.
Be sure to include the title of this page in the Subject line of your e-mail.
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